Cornelian Cherry

Cornus mas, commonly known as cornel (also the Cornelian cherry, European cornel or Cornelian cherry dogwood), is a species of shrub or small tree in the dogwood family Cornaceae native to Western Europe, Southern Europe, and Southwestern Asia.

Description

It is a medium to large deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 5–12 m tall, with dark brown branches and greenish twigs. The leaves are opposite, 4–10 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape and an entire margin. The flowers are small (5–10 mm in diameter), with four yellow petals, produced in clusters of 10–25 together in the late winter (between February and March in the UK),^[1] well before the leaves appear. The fruit is an oblong red drupe 2 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter, containing a single seed.

Name

Cornus mas, "male" cornel, was named so to distinguish it from the true dogberry, the "female" cornel, Cornus sanguinea, and so it appears in John Gerard's Herbal:

This is Cornus mas Theophrasti, or Theophrastus his male Cornell tree; for he ſetteth downe two ſortes of Cornell trees, the male and the female: he maketh the wood of the male to bee ſound as in this Cornell tree; which we both for this cauſe and for others alſo, haue made to be the male; the female is that which is commonly called Virga ſanguinea, or Dogs berrie tree, and Cornus ſylveſtris, or the wild Cornell tree, of which alſo we will intreate of in the next chap. following.^[2]

Cultivation

The shrub was not native to the British Isles. William Turner had only heard of the plant in 1548,^[3] but by 1551 he had heard of one at Hampton Court Palace.^[4] Gerard said it was to be found in the gardens "of such as love rare and dainty plants".^[2]

The appreciation of the early acid-yellow flowers is largely a 20th-century development.^[5]

Cultivars

The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017):^[6]

'Aurea'^[7] (yellow leaves and flowers, red fruit)
'Golden Glory'^[8] (profuse yellow flowers, shiny red berries)
'Variegata'^[9] (variegated leaves, glossy red fruit)

Uses

Fruit

The fruits are red berries. When ripe on the plant, they bear a resemblance to coffee berries, and ripen in mid- to late summer. The fruit is edible and widely popular in Iran, where it is believed to have various medicinal properties and provide health benefits. It is also used in Eastern Europe, the UK,^[1] and British Columbia, Canada,^[10] but the unripe fruit is astringent. When ripe, the fruit is dark ruby red or a bright yellow. It has an acidic flavor which is best described as a mixture of cranberry and sour cherry. It is mainly used for making jam. It is widely used in Azerbaijan to make pickles, added to rice or to make beverages.^[10] In Armenia, Cornus berries are used to make vodka.^[11] In Romania and Moldova, the berries are used to make an alcoholic beverage known as cornată.^[12] In Bulgaria the berries are widely used to make Kompot. In Iran, the fresh fruit is popular as a refreshing summer delicacy or as an infusion in Araq (raisin vodka). It is also preserved by drying and salting, or made into fruit leather or paste, which are enjoyed as a children's delicacy or used as a sour seasoning, similar to plum, pomegranate and tamarind.

The fruit of Cornus mas (together with the fruit of C. officinalis) has a history of use in traditional Chinese medicine in which it is known as shānzhūyú (山茱萸) and used to retain the jing.^[13]

Flowers

The species is also grown as an ornamental plant for its late winter yellow flowers, which open earlier than those of Forsythia. While Cornus mas flowers are not as large and vibrant as those of the Forsythia, the entire plant can be used for a similar effect in the landscape.

Wood

The wood of C. mas is extremely dense and, unlike the wood of most other woody plant species, sinks in water. This density makes it valuable for crafting into tool handles or parts for machines.^[14]

Cornus mas was used from the seventh century BCE onward by Greek craftsmen to construct spears, javelins and bows, as a material far superior to any other wood.^[15] The wood's association with weaponry was so well known that the Greek name for it was used as a synonym for "spear" in poetry during the fourth and third centuries BCE.^[15]

In Italy, the mazzarella, uncino or bastone, the stick carried by the butteri or mounted herdsmen of the Maremma region, is traditionally made of cornel-wood, there called crognolo or grugnale, dialect forms of Italian: corniolo.^[16]

Leaves

The leaves (and fruit) are used in traditional medicine in Central and Southwest Asia.^[17]

References

^ ^a ^b Nicholson, B. E.; Wallis, Michael (1963). The Oxford Book of Garden Flowers. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 1-131-80240-3.
^ ^a ^b John Gerard (1597), The herball, or, Generall historie of plantes, Iohn Norton, p. 1282, doi:10.5962/bhl.title.99400
^ Turner, The Names of Herbes, 1548; noted in Alice M. Coats, Garden Shrubs and Their Histories (1964) 1992, .s.v. "Cornus".
^ Turner, A New Herball, 1551, noted in Coats.
^ Coats (1964) 1992.
^ "AGM Plants – Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 16. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
^ "RHS Plantfinder - Cornus mas 'Aurea'". Retrieved 2 February 2018.
^ "RHS Plantfinder – Cornus mas 'Golden Glory'". Retrieved 2 February 2018.
^ "RHS Plantfinder – Cornus mas 'Variegata'". Retrieved 2 February 2018.
^ ^a ^b Steve Whysall (5 October 2009). "Cornus mas". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
^ "Liarev Armenian Dogwood Vodka 0,5 L". Archived from the original on 2022-10-06.
^ Săvulescu, Mirela (2022-03-24). "Coarne de pădure. Ce beneficii și proprietăți au. Rețete cu aceste fructe de pădure". Libertatea (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-07-19.
^ Schafer, Peg (2011). The Chinese Medicinal Herb Farm: A Cultivator's Guide to Small-scale Organic Herb Production. Chelsea Green Publishing. pp. 312 (page 150). ISBN 978-1-60358-330-5.
^ Demir, F.; Hakki Kalyoncu, I. (December 2003). "Some nutritional, pomological and physical properties of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.)". Journal of Food Engineering. 60 (3): 335–341. doi:10.1016/S0260-8774(03)00056-6. The wood is heavier than water and does not float, therefore it is used for tools, machine parts
^ ^a ^b Markle, Minor M. III (Summer 1977). "The Macedonian Sarrissa, Spear and Related Armor". American Journal of Archaeology. 81 (3): 323–339 [324]. doi:10.2307/503007. JSTOR 503007. S2CID 192966553.
^ "Il Buttero" (in Italian). Associazione Butteri d'Alta Maremma. Archived from the original on 8 March 2007.
^ Dinda, Biswanath; Kyriakopoulos, Anthony M.; Dinda, Subhajit; Zoumpourlis, Vassilis; Thomaidis, Nikolaos S.; Velegraki, Aristea; Markopoulos, Charlambos; Dinda, Manikarna (4 December 2016). "Cornus mas L. (cornelian cherry), an important European and Asian traditional food and medicine: Ethnomedicine, phytochemistry and pharmacology for its commercial utilization in drug industry". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 193: 670–690. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.042. PMID 27705748.

External links

Media related to Cornus mas at Wikimedia Commons
"Cornus mas". Plants for a Future.

[oxford-1] Nicholson, B. E.; Wallis, Michael (1963). The Oxford Book of Garden Flowers. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 1-131-80240-3.

[Gerard-2] John Gerard (1597), The herball, or, Generall historie of plantes, Iohn Norton, p. 1282, doi:10.5962/bhl.title.99400

[3] Turner, The Names of Herbes, 1548; noted in Alice M. Coats, Garden Shrubs and Their Histories (1964) 1992, .s.v. "Cornus".

[4] Turner, A New Herball, 1551, noted in Coats.

[5] Coats (1964) 1992.

[6] "AGM Plants – Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 16. Retrieved 24 January 2018.

[7] "RHS Plantfinder - Cornus mas 'Aurea'". Retrieved 2 February 2018.

[8] "RHS Plantfinder – Cornus mas 'Golden Glory'". Retrieved 2 February 2018.

[9] "RHS Plantfinder – Cornus mas 'Variegata'". Retrieved 2 February 2018.

[whysall-10] Steve Whysall (5 October 2009). "Cornus mas". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 18 December 2018.

[11] "Liarev Armenian Dogwood Vodka 0,5 L". Archived from the original on 2022-10-06.

[12] Săvulescu, Mirela (2022-03-24). "Coarne de pădure. Ce beneficii și proprietăți au. Rețete cu aceste fructe de pădure". Libertatea (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-07-19.

[Schafer-13] Schafer, Peg (2011). The Chinese Medicinal Herb Farm: A Cultivator's Guide to Small-scale Organic Herb Production. Chelsea Green Publishing. pp. 312 (page 150). ISBN 978-1-60358-330-5.

[14] Demir, F.; Hakki Kalyoncu, I. (December 2003). "Some nutritional, pomological and physical properties of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.)". Journal of Food Engineering. 60 (3): 335–341. doi:10.1016/S0260-8774(03)00056-6. The wood is heavier than water and does not float, therefore it is used for tools, machine parts

[Markle-15] Markle, Minor M. III (Summer 1977). "The Macedonian Sarrissa, Spear and Related Armor". American Journal of Archaeology. 81 (3): 323–339 [324]. doi:10.2307/503007. JSTOR 503007. S2CID 192966553.

[alta_m-16] "Il Buttero" (in Italian). Associazione Butteri d'Alta Maremma. Archived from the original on 8 March 2007.

[17] Dinda, Biswanath; Kyriakopoulos, Anthony M.; Dinda, Subhajit; Zoumpourlis, Vassilis; Thomaidis, Nikolaos S.; Velegraki, Aristea; Markopoulos, Charlambos; Dinda, Manikarna (4 December 2016). "Cornus mas L. (cornelian cherry), an important European and Asian traditional food and medicine: Ethnomedicine, phytochemistry and pharmacology for its commercial utilization in drug industry". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 193: 670–690. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.042. PMID 27705748.

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