The alder flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) is a small insect-eating bird of the tyrant flycatcher family. The genus name Empidonax is from Ancient Greek empis, "gnat", and anax, "master". The specific alnorum is Latin and means "of the alders".[2]
Description
E. alnorum is one of the larger Empidonax species, attaining a length of 13–17 cm (5.1–6.7 in), and a mass of 12–14 g (0.42–0.49 oz).[3] The wingspan ranges from 8.3–9.4 cm (3.3–3.7 in).[4] Upperparts of E. alnorum are dull greenish-olive. The crown is a slightly darker olive-green than the back. The throat is white, with a darker breast band. Thin white rings surround the eyes. The bill is wide and moderate in length, with pinkish or yellow-orange lower mandible and black upper mandible. Wings are generally black, with white wing bars and white edges of the innermost secondaries (tertials). Juveniles have brownish upperparts, yellow underparts, and yellowish brown or buff wingbars.[5]
E. alnorum is similar in appearance to the eastern wood-pewee (Contopus virens) and the eastern phoebe (Sayornis phoebe), as well as the nearly identical willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii) but E. alnorum can be distinguished by its smaller size and upward tail flicking behavior.[3]
Birds in the genus Empidonax are notoriously hard to identify.[6] Novel approaches to identification have been employed to try and increase the accuracy of species identification of mist-netted individuals, such as using ratios of and differences between the measured lengths of various body parts, including wings and beaks. Vocalizations are often relied upon for identification to species in the field when birds cannot be manipulated by hand.[3]
Taxonomy
The alder flycatcher is sibling species with the willow flycatcher (E. trailli).[3] The two species were grouped together as one species, the Traill's flycatcher, until 1973, when differences in vocalizations and habitat use lead to their acknowledgement as distinct species, which has since been supported by genetic data.[7][8] A study analyzing the genetic makeup of 12 Empidonax species found that the Alder and Willow Flycatcher are each other's closest relatives.[9] The Tyrant flycatcher genus is closely related to the Wood-Pewee genus (Contopus), and a hybrid of the two genera was reported to have been caught in Idaho.[10]
Habitat and distribution
The summer breeding range of the species covers most of Canada and Alaska, descending to a southernmost point in the northeastern United States.[3] In autumn, E. alnorum migrates south through the eastern United States, Mexico and Central America, wintering in the western range of South America.
In the summer breeding season, E. alnorum occupies wet, dense, shrubby thickets of alder (Alnus sp.), maple (Acer sp.), and birch (Betula sp.) at elevations below 1,300 ft (400 m).[3] During migration, the species occupies humid and semi-arid habitats, including forest edges and fields at elevations up to 2,500 ft (760 m). Early successional scrubby vegetation or woodland edges are preferred habitats in winter, particularly those near water and below 1,100 ft (340 m).[11]
Behavior
Vocalizations
The vocalizations of the alder flycatcher are very useful for its identification in the field. The song is a distinct "fee-bee-o"; birds have been observed to throw their heads back and shake their tails while singing.[8] There are a variety of calls generated by E. alnorum, the most common of which is a "pit" sound produced when foraging. Other calls include those associated with aggressive or territorial behavior, including "double-peak", "zwee-oo", and "wee-oo" calls, and those linked with excitement, such as a "kitter" call.
Diet
E. alnorum's diet is composed primarily of insects such as those from the Hymenoptera (sawflies, bees, wasps and ants), Coleoptera (beetles), Diptera (flies), Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) and Orthoptera (locusts, grasshoppers and crickets) families.[12] Insects are captured during flight or gleaned from the foliage of trees.[3] In the winter, some birds will include fruit and seeds in their diet.
Reproduction
The alder flycatcher breeds in wet thickets of maple, alder and birch.[5] Nests are positioned low in bushes within shrubby thickets, and are cup-shaped, built loosely of vegetative materials such as grass, weeds, pieces of bark, and small twigs.[11] Strips of grass or bark can often be seen dangling from the bottom of the nest, and the inside is lined with soft materials such as plant down. Females primarily engage in nest building activities.
Male E. alnorum vocalize to defend their breeding territory. As the species has not been extensively studied, courtship behavior is uncertain, but is believed to involve males chasing females through the trees.
3–4 eggs are laid per breeding season, and are creamy-white or buff in color and speckled with dark markings near the larger end of the egg. The female incubates the eggs for 12–14 days. Hatchlings are altricial and covered with tiny spots of olive-brown down. Both the male and female are involved in caring for the young. Juveniles take their first flight around 13–14 days of age.
Conservation status
E. alnorum is a species of least concern according to the IUCN Redlist.[5] Population numbers are stable in the United States, but have declined in Canada by approximately 44% in the period 1966–2014. The species has a rating of 9 out of 20 on the Continental Concern Score,[13] and is a U.S.-Canada Stewardship species.
References
- ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Empidonax alnorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22699845A93751233. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22699845A93751233.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 42, 146. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ a b c d e f g Lowther PE. 1999. Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum). The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, Ed.). Ithaca (NY): Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America: https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/aldfly
- ^ "Alder Flycatcher Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
- ^ a b c All about birds [Internet] (2015). Ithaca (NY): Cornell University; [updated 2015; cited 2016 Sept 13]. Available from: https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Alder_Flycatcher/lifehistory
- ^ Benson RH, Benson LP.1989. The pocket computer: a new tool for identifying eastern Empidonax in the hand. North American bird bander. 14:79–82.
- ^ Eisenmann E. 1973. Thirty-second supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union check-list of North American birds. Auk. 90: 411-419.
- ^ a b Areta J, Mangini G, Gandoy F, Gorleri F, Gomez D, Depino E, Jordan E. 2016. Ecology and behavior of Alder Flycatchers (Empidonax alnorum) on their wintering grounds in Argentina. The Wilson journal of ornithology. 128(4): 830-845.
- ^ Zink RM, Johnson NK. 1984. Evolutionary genetics of flycatchers. I. Sibling species in the genera Empidonax and Contompus. Systematic zoology. 33: 205-216.
- ^ Short Jr. LL, Burleigh TD. 1965. An intergeneric hybrid flycatcher (Contopus x Empidonax) from Idaho. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 78: 33-37.
- ^ a b Audubon guide to North American birds [Internet]. N.d. National Audubon Society; [cited 2017 Sept 13]. Available from: http://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/alder-flycatcher
- ^ Beal FE. (1912). "Food of our important flycatchers." Biological survey bulletin. 44.
- ^ "Partners In Flight Avian Conservation Assessment Database Scores". www.pif.birdconservancy.org/avian-conservation-assessment-database-scores. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
External links
- Alder Flycatcher - Empidonax alnorum - USGS Patuxent Bird Identication InfoCenter
- Alder Flycatcher Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
- Alder Flycatcher- Boreal Songbird Initiative
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- 4.0 Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 truetrue English Alder flycatcher in Prospect Park, Brooklyn author name string: Rhododendrites Wikimedia...(1,605 × 1,856 (2.46 MB)) - 03:20, 5 March 2024
- 4.0 Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 truetrue English Alder flycatcher in Prospect Park, Brooklyn author name string: Rhododendrites Wikimedia...(2,988 × 2,350 (4.9 MB)) - 03:20, 5 March 2024
- 4.0 Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 truetrue English Alder flycatcher in Prospect Park, Brooklyn author name string: Rhododendrites Wikimedia...(1,783 × 2,271 (2.8 MB)) - 03:20, 5 March 2024
- 4.0 Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 truetrue English Alder flycatcher in Prospect Park author name string: Rhododendrites Wikimedia username:...(1,130 × 805 (1,012 KB)) - 16:17, 5 March 2024
- DescriptionAlder Flycatcher (15983781922).jpg Alder Flycatcher Date 13 June 2014, 08:07 Source Alder Flycatcher Author Susan Drury from Watson Lake, Canada...(1,000 × 972 (480 KB)) - 08:30, 11 July 2024
- DescriptionAlder Flycatcher (20111392218).jpg Alder Flycatcher Date 4 August 2015, 09:32 Source Alder Flycatcher Author Mike's Birds from Riverside, CA...(2,911 × 2,079 (901 KB)) - 12:52, 30 July 2023
- DescriptionEmpidonax alnorum - Alder Flycatcher XC139577.ogg English: :Singing from alder thicket at the edge of lagoon. Foggy and cool. Recorded with...(Ogg Vorbis sound file, 4 min 30 s) - 16:28, 24 February 2022
- DescriptionEmpidonax alnorum - Alder Flycatcher XC179600.mp3 English: :Singing from a tree at edge of prairie. Recorded with parabolic reflector and Sony...(MP3 audio file, 1 min 13 s) - 16:49, 24 February 2022
- DescriptionAlder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) (4687326093).jpg Photographed in Ohio, identified by call. Date 22 May 2010, 07:38 Source Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax...(2,916 × 1,944 (2.29 MB)) - 12:52, 30 July 2023
- alnorum - Alder Flycatcher XC138639.ogg English: :Call/song consisting of just the last portion of the typical song. Foraging in wet alder/willow thicket...(Ogg Vorbis sound file, 54 s) - 16:28, 24 February 2022
- DescriptionEmpidonax alnorum - Alder Flycatcher XC78890.mp3 English: : None given Common name: Alder Flycatcher Type: song Genus: Empidonax Species:...(MP3 audio file, 10 s) - 16:49, 24 February 2022
- DescriptionEmpidonax alnorum - Alder Flycatcher - XC78890.ogg English: Species Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) Recordist Jonathon Jongsma Location...(Ogg Vorbis sound file, 10 s) - 12:46, 8 May 2023
- DescriptionEmpidonax alnorum - Alder Flycatcher XC134874.ogg English: :Two short segments of fairly quiet pip calls (at 0:01.2, 0:07.5, etc) from a migrant...(Ogg Vorbis sound file, 25 s) - 16:28, 24 February 2022
- DescriptionAlder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) nest.png English: Black and white photograph of an Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) nest and young...(1,200 × 840 (514 KB)) - 12:52, 30 July 2023
- DescriptionAlder Flycatcher From The Crossley ID Guide Eastern Birds.jpg English: Alder Flycatcher From The Crossley ID Guide Eastern Birds Date 12 November...(1,391 × 1,800 (683 KB)) - 12:52, 30 July 2023
- DescriptionAlder Flycatcher, Cook Lake Park, Miles City, MT (6480047191).jpg Alder Flycatcher, Cook Lake Park, Miles City, MT Date 3 June 2002, 22:35 Source...(2,048 × 1,536 (1.1 MB)) - 07:27, 21 June 2024
- DescriptionAlder flycatcher magee marsh 5.13.22 DSC 4620.jpg English: Empidonax minimus Date 13 May 2022, 19:38:50 Source https://www.flickr...(1,771 × 1,771 (2.87 MB)) - 13:55, 3 October 2024
- it seems to be in the flycatcher family judging by the shape of the beek. Date 9 September 2006, 12:44 Source Alder Flycatcher? Author Patty O'Hearn Kickham...(1,200 × 1,053 (198 KB)) - 10:50, 3 September 2024
- DescriptionAlder-Willow Flycatcher Smith Oaks High Island TX 2018-04-27 12-46-30 (41300107915).jpg Alder-Willow Flycatcher | Smith Oaks | High Island...(3,122 × 2,081 (1.09 MB)) - 06:20, 2 July 2024
- DescriptionAlder-Willow Flycatcher Smith Oaks High Island TX 2018-04-27 12-46-33 (27329211077).jpg Alder-Willow Flycatcher | Smith Oaks | High Island...(3,192 × 2,130 (1.01 MB)) - 01:24, 15 July 2024
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